Resumen: Desde una perspectiva sociocultural, caracterizamos prácticas de escritura, lectura y entornos de realización de primeras publicaciones de autoras(es) noveles, con al menos una publicación. Realizamos entrevistas semiestructuradas a 11 investigadoras(es) recientemente doctorados de diferentes instituciones. Analizamos y describimos las prácticas letradas orientadas a publicar, el apoyo de mentoras(es) y los géneros de publicación, interpretándolos como parte de la experiencia autoral y disciplinar, a través de una trayectoria académica, antes y después del doctorado. Estas autoras(es) siguieron distintas vías para desarrollar su escritura disciplinar y aprender a publicar. Considerando el número de sus publicaciones y las formas de autoría reportadas, describimos tres momentos de su desarrollo autoral: principiantes, aprendices y practicantes. Mostramos que la mayoría sostiene colaboraciones y trabaja en coautoría.

Abstract: From a sociocultural perspective, we characterize the writing, reading practices, and early publishing environments of new authors, with at least one publication. We carried out semi-structured interviews with eleven researchers who had recently received doctoral degrees from various institutions. Subsequently, we analyzed and described literacy practices aimed at publishing, the support of mentors, and publication genres, interpreting them as part of the authors' disciplinary experience during their academic trajectory, before and after receiving their doctoral degree. The authors under study followed different paths for developing their disciplinary writing and learning to publish. Considering the number of their publications and the reported forms of authorship, we describe three moments in their development as authors: beginners, apprentices, and practitioners. We show that most of them produce co-authored collaborations and work.

BACKGROUND Vaccine development is a laborious craftwork in which at least two main components must be defined: a highly immunogenic antigen and a suitable delivery method. Hence, the interplay of these elements could elicit the required immune response to cope with the targeted pathogen with a long-lasting protective capacity. OBJECTIVES Here we evaluate the properties of Escherichia coli spherical proteoliposomes - known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) - as particles with natural adjuvant capacities and as antigen-carrier structures to assemble an innovative prophylactic vaccine for Chagas disease. METHODS To achieve this, genetic manipulation was carried out on E. coli using an engineered plasmid containing the Tc24 Trypanosoma cruzi antigen. The goal was to induce the release of OMVs displaying the parasite protein on their surface. FINDINGS As a proof of principle, we observed that native OMVs - as well as those carrying the T. cruzi antigen - were able to trigger a slight, but functional humoral response at low immunization doses. Of note, compared to the non-immunized group, native OMVs-vaccinated animals survived the lethal challenge and showed minor parasitemia values, suggesting a possible involvement of innate trained immunity mechanism. MAIN CONCLUSION These results open the range for further research on the design of new carrier strategies focused on innate immunity activation as an additional immunization target and venture to seek for alternative forms in which OMVs could be used for optimizing vaccine development.

Resumo Descrever uma visão geral da prestação de serviços de saúde no México e analisar geoespacialmente a atual distribuição e acessibilidade das unidades de APS para contribuir com novas abordagens para melhorar o planejamento da saúde no México. Realizamos uma análise espacial de dados oficiais para analisar as distâncias atuais das unidades de saúde à população, para determinar as áreas descobertas de prestação de serviços de saúde em 3 estados selecionados usando uma classificação de indicadores. Estimamos a cobertura da área de serviço das unidades de APS com redes viárias de 3 estados do México (Chiapas, Guerrero e Oaxaca). Nossas estimativas fornecem uma visão geral do acesso espacial à saúde da população mexicana nos três estados mais pobres do México. Não consideramos seguridade social nem prestadores privados. O acesso geoespacial às unidades de saúde é fundamental para alcançar a cobertura universal de saúde e uma cobertura eficaz. Países, como o México, devem medir isso para identificar áreas não merecidas com falta de acesso geoespacial à saúde para resolvê-lo. Os governos devem gerar políticas e mecanismos para distribuir efetivamente novas instalações de saúde para aumentar o acesso geoespacial efetivo à saúde, bem como para evitar instalações de saúde não planejadas.

Abstract To describe a general overview of health services delivery in Mexico and geospatially analyze the current distribution and accessibility of Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities to contribute to new approaches to improve healthcare planning in Mexico. We performed a spatial analysis of official data to analyze current distances from health facilities to population, to determine the underserved areas of health services delivery in three selected states using a ranking of indicators. We estimated service area coverage of PHC facilities with road networks of three Mexican states (Chiapas, Guerrero, and Oaxaca). Our estimations provide an overview of spatial access to healthcare of the Mexican population in Mexico’s three most impoverished states. We did not consider social security nor private providers. Geospatial access to health facilities is critical to achieving PHC and adequate coverage. Countries like Mexico must measure this to identify underserved areas with a lack of geospatial access to healthcare to solve it. This type of analysis provides critical information to help decision-makers decide where to build new health facilities to increase effective geospatial access to care and to achieve Universal Health Coverage.

Resumo Descrever uma visão geral da prestação de serviços de saúde no México e analisar geoespacialmente a atual distribuição e acessibilidade das unidades de APS para contribuir com novas abordagens para melhorar o planejamento da saúde no México. Realizamos uma análise espacial de dados oficiais para analisar as distâncias atuais das unidades de saúde à população, para determinar as áreas descobertas de prestação de serviços de saúde em 3 estados selecionados usando uma classificação de indicadores. Estimamos a cobertura da área de serviço das unidades de APS com redes viárias de 3 estados do México (Chiapas, Guerrero e Oaxaca). Nossas estimativas fornecem uma visão geral do acesso espacial à saúde da população mexicana nos três estados mais pobres do México. Não consideramos seguridade social nem prestadores privados. O acesso geoespacial às unidades de saúde é fundamental para alcançar a cobertura universal de saúde e uma cobertura eficaz. Países, como o México, devem medir isso para identificar áreas não merecidas com falta de acesso geoespacial à saúde para resolvê-lo. Os governos devem gerar políticas e mecanismos para distribuir efetivamente novas instalações de saúde para aumentar o acesso geoespacial efetivo à saúde, bem como para evitar instalações de saúde não planejadas.

Abstract To describe a general overview of health services delivery in Mexico and geospatially analyze the current distribution and accessibility of Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities to contribute to new approaches to improve healthcare planning in Mexico. We performed a spatial analysis of official data to analyze current distances from health facilities to population, to determine the underserved areas of health services delivery in three selected states using a ranking of indicators. We estimated service area coverage of PHC facilities with road networks of three Mexican states (Chiapas, Guerrero, and Oaxaca). Our estimations provide an overview of spatial access to healthcare of the Mexican population in Mexico’s three most impoverished states. We did not consider social security nor private providers. Geospatial access to health facilities is critical to achieving PHC and adequate coverage. Countries like Mexico must measure this to identify underserved areas with a lack of geospatial access to healthcare to solve it. This type of analysis provides critical information to help decision-makers decide where to build new health facilities to increase effective geospatial access to care and to achieve Universal Health Coverage.

The use of biological therapies has meant a great improvement in the management of several conditions like autoimmune, neoplastic or others diseases. Although its use has implied significant improvements in the prognosis of these diseases, it is not exempt from complications: infectious diseases as one of them. The objective of this consensus was to evaluate, from an infectious viewpoint, the safeness of the most frequently used biological therapies and give recommendations for the prevention of infections in patients treated with these drugs. These recommendations were based on the highest quality evidence available for the selected biologics. The consensus counts of 2 manuscripts. This second part is a guideline that details these recommendations through screening strategies, prophylactic therapies and vaccines indications for bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections, both for adults and children.

Resumen La incorporación de terapias biológicas ha significado un gran avance en el manejo de diversas patologías de origen autoinmune, neoplásico u otros. Si bien su uso ha implicado mejoras significativas en el pronóstico de estas enfermedades, no está exento de complicaciones, entre éstas, las infecciosas. El objetivo de este consenso fue evaluar el perfil de seguridad, desde la mirada infectológica, de las terapias biológicas de uso más frecuente y dar recomendaciones para la prevención de infecciones en pacientes tratados con ellas, basándose en la evidencia de mayor calidad disponible para los biológicos seleccionados. El consenso cuenta de dos manuscritos. Esta segunda parte corresponde a la guía clínica que detalla estas recomendaciones mediante estrategias de cribado, terapias profilácticas e indicación de vacunas, según corresponde, para infecciones bacterianas, y por micobacterias en particular, virus, hongos y parásitos, tanto para adultos como para niños.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Births in ethnic populations in Latin America are still being attended by traditional midwifes. The conceptual and theoretical outlook to this practice varies among different actors, influencing on proposed policies and interventions for this group. Objectives: To analyze the political overview of traditional midwives through a critic intercultural scope. Data sources: In this descriptive study, a review of academic documents, technical documents and regulations was made, identifying conceptual, approach and political topics related to traditional midwives. The data was summarized in a matrix and analyzed through the method of consecutive approximations. Methodological triangulation was made among researchers, disciplines, techniques and information sources on the topic. Data synthesis: The academic community makes a distinction among traditional midwives and professional midwives. International organizations promote professional midwifery just for difficult geographical access locations. Latin-American governments have different positions from the hegemonic overview of the biomedical model in health toward midwifery. Conclusions: Traditional midwives remain in an ambiguous political arena undermining their role, generating a loss of the cultural heritage of the countries as they are not being recognized, not being linked to the health system as service providers, but being community actors that inform, educate and refer to the health services the maternal and neonatal cases.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los partos de los pueblos étnicos en América Latina, siguen siendo atendidos por parteras tradicionales. La mirada conceptual y teórica de esta práctica varía entre los diferentes actores, lo que influye en las políticas e intervenciones propuestas para este gremio. Objetivo: Analizar desde una postura intercultural crítica, el panorama político que enfrentan las parteras tradicionales en América Latina. Fuente de datos: Este es un estudio de revisión de artículos académicos, documentos técnicos y normativos, que se clasificaron en temas conceptuales, de enfoques y políticos relacionados con las parteras tradicionales. Los datos se consolidaron en matrices y se analizaron a partir del método de aproximaciones sucesivas. Se realizó una triangulación entre investigadores y teórica sobre el tema. Síntesis de los datos: el sector académico realiza una diferenciación entre parteras tradicionales y parteras profesionales. Los organismos Internacionales envían a la partería tradicional solo a lugares de difícil acceso geográfico. Los Gobiernos de América Latina presentan diversas posturas desde la mirada hegemónica del modelo biomédico de salud frente a la partería tradicional. Conclusiones: Las parteras tradicionales siguen en un terreno políticamente ambiguo que debilita su rol, lo que genera la pérdida del patrimonio cultural de los países ante su no reconocimiento, no vinculación a los sistemas de salud como prestadoras de servicio y sí como actores comunitarios encargados de informar, educar, y remitir a los prestadores de servicios de salud los casos de salud materna y neonatal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Births in ethnic populations in Latin America are still being attended by traditional midwifes. The conceptual and theoretical outlook to this practice varies among different actors, influencing on proposed policies and interventions for this group. Objectives: To analyze the political overview of traditional midwives through a critic intercultural scope. Data sources: In this descriptive study, a review of academic documents, technical documents and regulations was made, identifying conceptual, approach and political topics related to traditional midwives. The data was summarized in a matrix and analyzed through the method of consecutive approximations. Methodological triangulation was made among researchers, disciplines, techniques and information sources on the topic. Data synthesis: The academic community makes a distinction among traditional midwives and professional midwives. International organizations promote professional midwifery just for difficult geographical access locations. Latin-American governments have different positions from the hegemonic overview of the biomedical model in health toward midwifery. Conclusions: Traditional midwives remain in an ambiguous political arena undermining their role, generating a loss of the cultural heritage of the countries as they are not being recognized, not being linked to the health system as service providers, but being community actors that inform, educate and refer to the health services the maternal and neonatal cases.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los partos de los pueblos étnicos en América Latina, siguen siendo atendidos por parteras tradicionales. La mirada conceptual y teórica de esta práctica varía entre los diferentes actores, lo que influye en las políticas e intervenciones propuestas para este gremio. Objetivo: Analizar desde una postura intercultural crítica, el panorama político que enfrentan las parteras tradicionales en América Latina. Fuente de datos: Este es un estudio de revisión de artículos académicos, documentos técnicos y normativos, que se clasificaron en temas conceptuales, de enfoques y políticos relacionados con las parteras tradicionales. Los datos se consolidaron en matrices y se analizaron a partir del método de aproximaciones sucesivas. Se realizó una triangulación entre investigadores y teórica sobre el tema. Síntesis de los datos: el sector académico realiza una diferenciación entre parteras tradicionales y parteras profesionales. Los organismos Internacionales envían a la partería tradicional solo a lugares de difícil acceso geográfico. Los Gobiernos de América Latina presentan diversas posturas desde la mirada hegemónica del modelo biomédico de salud frente a la partería tradicional. Conclusiones: Las parteras tradicionales siguen en un terreno políticamente ambiguo que debilita su rol, lo que genera la pérdida del patrimonio cultural de los países ante su no reconocimiento, no vinculación a los sistemas de salud como prestadoras de servicio y sí como actores comunitarios encargados de informar, educar, y remitir a los prestadores de servicios de salud los casos de salud materna y neonatal.

Resumo: A síndrome de encefalopatia posterior reversível (PRES), na eclâmpsia, apresenta manifestações neurológicas associadas ao edema cerebral transitório. Objetivo: Identificar a incidência da PRES em pacientes com eclâmpsia internadas na UTI e comparar os fatores de risco associados. Material e Métodos: Foram 311 pacientes internadas na UTI em um período de 5 anos com diagnóstico de eclâmpsia, divididos en 2 grupo: PRES (n = 176) e sem PRES (n = 135). Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, transversal e coorte. Resultados: A incidência encontrada foi de 57%. No grupo da PRES a idade foi de 20 ± 6,5 vs 21 ± 5.7 anos, no grupo sem PRES (p = 0.034). Número de crises convulsivas 2 ± 2 vs 1.8 ± 1.8 eventos (p = 0.001), proteinúria 1355 ± 175 vs 930 ± 92 miligramos em 24 horas (p = 0.000) e PAM 120 ± 20 vs 115 ± 15 mmHg (p = 0.011), respectivamente. Mortalidade perinatal foi de 8.6% vs 3.5% (p = 0.05). 85% apresentou eclâmpsia antepartum. A interrupção da gestação foi de 77% pela via abdominal. A topografia da lesão cerebral foi multifocal e bilateral. O odds ratio para associarse a PRES foram: proteinúria, eclâmpsia antepartum, cesárea, PAM > 110mmHg com OR 3, 2.9, 2.5 e 2.3 respectivamente (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusões: A incidência da PRES foi de 57%. Se estabeleceu um perfil de alto risco para PRES em pacientes com eclâmpsia antepartum, menores de 21 anos, PAM 120 mmHg e a presença de duas crisis convulsivas. A mortalidade perinatal se associou a PRES.

Abstract: The syndrome of reversible posterior encephalopathy (PRES) presents neurological manifestations associated to transient hemispheric posterior cerebral edema, is related to the syndrome of preeclampsia-eclampsia. Objective: To identify the incidence of PRES in patients with Eclampsia admitted to the ICU of the High Specialty Women’s Hospital and to compare the associated risk factors. Material and methods: Observational, retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional and cohort study of patients admitted to the ICU with the diagnosis of Eclampsia of the Regional High Specialty Hospital from January 2010 to December 2015. Results: The incidence was 57%. Significant maternal variables: age (p = 0.034) and number of seizures (p = 0.001), with a mean age of 20.4 ± 6.5 years. The headache was present in 91.5%. Eighty-five percent had antepartum eclampsia. The route of interruption was 77% by the abdominal route. The topography of the lesion was multifocal and bilateral, in the parietal and occipital lobe. Conclusions: The incidence was 57%. A high-risk profile for PRES in patients with antepartum eclampsia, primigravidae, younger than 21 years, with a mean arterial pressure greater than 120 mmHg, and who have presented more than two seizures were established.

Resumen: El síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible (PRES) se caracteriza por manifestaciones neurológicas asociadas a edema cerebral posterior hemisférico transitorio y se relaciona con el síndrome de preeclampsia-eclampsia. Objetivo: Identificar la incidencia del síndrome PRES en pacientes con eclampsia ingresadas a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos (UCIA) del Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Mujer (HRAEM) y comparar los factores de riesgo asociados. Material y métodos: Observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, transversal y de cohorte de pacientes ingresadas con diagnóstico de eclampsia a la UCIA del HRAEM en el periodo de enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2015. Resultados: La incidencia obtenida fue de 57%. Las variables maternas significativas: edad (p = 0.034), número de crisis convulsivas (p = 0.001), edad media de 20.4 ± 6.5 años. La cefalea se observó en 91.5%. En 85% se detectó eclampsia anteparto. La vía de interrupción fue 77% por vía abdominal. La topografía de la lesión se manifestó como multifocal y bilateral en el lóbulo parietal y occipital. Conclusiones: La incidencia fue de 57%. Se estableció un perfil de alto riesgo de PRES en pacientes con eclampsia anteparto, primigestas, menores de 21 años, con presión arterial media mayor de 120 mmHg y con más de dos crisis convulsivas.

ABSTRACT Objective This study set out to describe the association between the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) estimates and a set of socioeconomic indicators and compute the MMR inequalities among the provinces of Ecuador. Methods A cross-sectional ecological study was conducted, using data for 2014 from the country’s 24 provinces. The MMR estimate was calculated for each province, as well as the association and its strength between MMR and specific socioeconomic indicators. For the indicators that were found to be significantly associated with MMR, inequality measurements were computed. Results Despite a relatively low MMR for Ecuador overall, ratios differed substantially among the provinces. Five socioeconomic indicators proved to be statistically significantly associated with MMR: total fertility rate, the percentage of indigenous population, the percentage of households with children who do not attend school, gross domestic product, and the percentage of houses with electrical service. Of these five, only three had MMR inequalities that were significant: total fertility rate, gross domestic product, and the percentage of households with electricity. Conclusions This study supports research arguing that national averages can be misleading, as they often hide differences among subgroups at the local level. The findings also suggest that MMR is significantly associated with some socioeconomic indicators, including ones linked with significant health outcome inequalities. In order to reduce health inequities, it is crucial that countries look beyond national averages and identify the subgroups being left behind, explore the particular social determinants that generate these health inequalities, and examine the specific barriers and other factors affecting the subgroups most vulnerable to maternal health inequalities.

RESUMEN Objetivo El propósito de este estudio fue describir la asociación entre la razón de mortalidad materna y un conjunto de indicadores socioeconómicos, y calcular las desigualdades en la razón de mortalidad maternal entre las distintas provincias del Ecuador. Métodos Se consideró un estudio ecológico transversal utilizando datos provenientes de las 24 provincias de Ecuador en el 2014, calculándose la razón de mortalidad materna para cada provincia, así como estudiando la asociación y su fuerza entre la razón de mortalidad materna y el conjunto de los indicadores socioeconómicos. Se obtuvieron las medidas de la desigualdades para aquellos indicadores socioeconómicos que mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con la mortalidad materna. Resultados A pesar de que la razón de mortalidad materna en Ecuador es relativamente baja a nivel mundial, las razones de la mortalidad materna difieren mucho entre las provincias. Hubo cinco indicadores socioeconómicos que resultaron estar asociados siginificativamente con la razón de mortalidad materna: la tasa total de fecundidad, el porcentaje de población indígena, el porcentaje de hogares con niños que no asisten a la escuela, el producto interno bruto y el porcentaje de hogares con servicio eléctrico. De estos cinco, solo tres mostraron desigualdades estadísticamente significativas en la mortalidad materna: la tasa total de fecundidad, el producto interno bruto y el porcentaje de hogares con electricidad. Conclusiones Este estudio respalda las investigaciones que sostienen que los promedios nacionales pueden ser engañosos, pues a menudo ocultan diferencias entre subgrupos a nivel local. Los resultados también indican que la razón de mortalidad materna esta asociada significativamente con algunos indicadores socioeconómicos, incluyendo algunos que resultaron en desigualdades significativas en salud materna. Para reducir las inequidades en materia de salud, es crucial que los países adopten un enfoque que trascienda a los promedios nacionales y detecten los subgrupos que van quedando rezagados, analicen los determinantes sociales particulares que generan esas desigualdades en materia de salud y examinen los obstáculos específicos y otros factores que afectan a los subgrupos más vulnerables a las desigualdades en salud materna.

In 2010, Haiti suffered three devastating national emergencies: a 7.0 magnitude earthquake that killed over 200 000 and injured 300 000; a cholera outbreak that challenged recovery efforts and caused more deaths; and Hurricane Tomas, which brought additional destruction. In the aftermath, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) reoriented its technical cooperation to face the myriad of new challenges and needs. Efforts included support and technical assistance to the Ministry of Health and Population of Haiti and coordination of actions by the United Nations Health Cluster. This Special Report focuses specifically on the PAHO Regional Oral Health Program's call to action in Haiti and the institutional partnerships that were developed to leverage resources for oral health during this critical time and beyond. To date, achievements include working with Haiti's private sector, dental schools, public health associations, and other stakeholders, via the Oral Health of Haiti (OHOH) Coalition. The OHOH aims to meet the immediate needs of the dental community and to rebuild the oral health component of the health system; to provide dental materials and supplies to oral health sites in affected areas; and to ensure that the "Basic Package of Health Services" includes specific interventions for oral health care and services. The experience in Haiti serves as a reminder to the international community of how important linking immediate/short-term disaster-response to mid- and longterm strategies is to building a health system that provides timely access to health services, including oral health. Haiti's humanitarian crisis became an important time to rethink the country's health system and services in terms of the right to health and the concepts of citizenship, solidarity, and sustainable development.

En el 2010, Haití padeció tres emergencias nacionales devastadoras: un terremoto de 7,0 de magnitud que causó la muerte de 200 000 personas y traumatismos a 300 000, un brote de cólera que vulneró las actividades de recuperación y causó más muertes, y el huracán Tomás, que causó más destrucción. En el período inmediatamente posterior, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) reorientó la cooperación técnica para afrontar los múltiples retos nuevos y necesidades que surgieron. Estas actividades incluyeron apoyo y asistencia técnica al Ministerio de Salud y de la Población de Haití, y la coordinación de las medidas llevadas a cabo por el Grupo de Acción Sanitaria de las Naciones Unidas. Este informe especial se centra específicamente en la convocatoria a la acción del Programa Regional de Salud Bucodental de la OPS en Haití y en las alianzas institucionales que se establecieron para aprovechar los recursos de salud bucodental durante esta crisis y a partir de ese momento. Hasta la fecha, los logros comprenden la colaboración con el sector privado de Haití, las facultades de odontología, las asociaciones de salud pública y otros interesados directos por intermedio de la Coalición para la Salud Bucodental de Haití. Esta coalición procura satisfacer las necesidades inmediatas de la comunidad odontológica y reconstruir el componente de la salud bucodental del sistema de salud; proporcionar materiales y suministros odontológicos a los centros de salud bucodental de las zonas afectadas; y lograr que la "canasta básica de servicios de salud" incluya intervenciones específicas para la atención y los servicios de salud bucodental. La experiencia de Haití muestra a la comunidad internacional la importancia de vincular la respuesta inmediata y a corto plazo ante catástrofes con las estrategias a mediano y largo plazo para establecer un sistema de salud que brinde acceso oportuno a los servicios de salud, incluida la salud bucodental. Así, la crisis de Haití se transformó en un motor importante para replantear los sistemas y servicios de salud del país a la luz del derecho a la salud y los principios de ciudadanía, solidaridad y desarrollo sostenible.

El artículo presenta el análisis sobre los elementos básicos del modelo de adaptación, que viene realizando el grupo de estudio de la Facultad de Enfermería. Partiendo de una revisión histórica, de los principios filosóficos y científicos que sustentan el modelo, se abordan conceptos como sistema adaptativo humano, ambiente, estímulos, mecanismos de enfrentamiento, nivel de adaptación, salud y meta de enfermería, los cuales orientan el cuidado, teniendo en cuenta la autodeterminación de la persona y los mecanismos que emplea para lograr su adaptación.

The article presents an analysis of basic elements of the adaptation model, carried out by the study group of the Nursing Faculty. From a philosophic and scientific historical review of the Model's principles, concepts such as human adaptive system, environment, stimuli, coping mechanisms, adaptation level, health and nursing goal are approached, considering self-determination and personal mechanisms to reach an adequate level of adaptation.